索罗斯:美国优越之泡沫
2004年美国总统大选前夕,作为布什政策的反对者,乔治·索罗斯投入了一场反布什运动。The Bubble of American Supremacy一书即为乔氏为这场运动而特意所写,可以看作是乔氏反布什的宣言。靠着中午吃饭的时间,断断续续把这本小册子看到了结尾,拖了太长时间。还在经济观察报时,正是911之际,乔氏在中国访问。记得之后的两天他到上海复旦大学演讲,我就请复旦大学教授孙哲问了他好多问题,然后当晚由他电话说,我来打字,完成了一篇独家的稿子。由此,“不确定性”一时成为中国人流行的口头禅。其实不确定性在乔氏看来是一个很重要的条件,他称之为human unertainty principle。
该书分两部分,第一部分是批评,第二部分是建议。第一部分中,乔氏对布什的外交政策尽力作了批驳,尤其对背后为布什出谋划策的新保守主义者们所相信的单边主义和军事力量等思想进行了否定。简而言之,乔氏认为人类对世界的认知始终存在缺陷(flawed),因为人自身即是参与者,现实的改变并不能证明人类的认知正确反映了世界,而是有可能是人类的认知指导着人类行动造成的后果。人类尤其容易受到一些“正确”的结果的误导,进一步加深对世界的错误认识(bias)。当人类的认知与现实之间的距离越来越大时,就会造成均可弥补的巨大错误。在金融市场上,乔氏认为这就是繁荣-泡沫循环的原因。以此比较,乔氏认为新保守主义者和布什政策就身处一场美国优越的泡沫中。这世界强者生存,美国是最强大的帝国,有最强大的军事力量,一切依赖市场(capitalism)的有效运行,因此美国最为优秀,为此美国可凭自己的强大军力推行外交政策,无视盟友和国际组织的存在,这是乔氏认为布什等人对美国(世界)的错误认知。相反,乔氏认为世界并非强者生存(如达尔文所称的物竟天择),而是开放社会,强者需要扶助弱者,发达国家需要让穷国分享成果,并扶助发展中国家实现民主,这样才能保证整个世界的健康运转。
在乔氏看来,入侵伊拉克是布什落入恐怖分子布下的圈套。因为这样可以使美国陷入与中东和Muslim世界为敌的境地,并成为更多恐怖分子攻击的对象,并且这样将使美国与欧洲和世界孤立。不幸的是,事实或许证明乔氏是正确的,而布什确实犯下了愚蠢的错误。入侵伊拉克之后,不仅伊拉克没有成为淋浴民主阳光的地方,而且世界上的恐怖袭击更加频繁,甚至伦敦也遭受了自二战以来的首次“攻击”。同时,世界石油价格却不断上涨,或者会造成又一次世界石油危机——至少中国已经开始遭受这种影响。
第二部分,乔氏发展了自己开放世界的观点。这在他的另一本书,Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism,中当有更详尽的阐述。等我把此书看后再写笔记。
在此书结束处,乔氏称自己曾经在1997年预言世界金融系统将出现崩溃,但最后又吞下自己所说的话(eat my words),而对于布什的第二次连任竞选,他表示将不惜一切努力去使之失败。当然,我们现在都知道,乔氏失败了,布什连任成功。
不知道索罗斯的看法有没有道理..会不会中国经济也存在类似的问题,我们以为正沿着正确的方向改革,其实说不定潜藏着更大的危险因素.
以下是一些书摘:
We may be wrong
---------Karl Popper
We are bond to be wrong in some way or another, although the extent and the nature of our misunderstanding may vary
---------------------George Soros, on Postulate of radical fallibility
Reflexivity:
As thinking participants, we can influence the situation in which we participate; therefore, the situation cannot serve as an independent criterion for judging the validity of our interpretation. Even if our thoughts or statements manage to correspond to the facts, the correspondence does not vouch for their truth, because it may have been brought about by our ability to influence the situation rather than by our ability to observer the truth.
Reality is a moving target that remains just beyond our rage forever. Participation and understanding interfere with each other, ensuring that our understanding is inherently imperfect and our actions have unintended consequences.
(Questions: who care the truth? Or in what extent do we really want to, or, need to know the truth? How will knowing or without knowing the truth affect a people’s behavior or life? )
Open Society:
An open society holds itself open to improvement. It is based on the recognition that people have divergent views and interests and that nobody is in possession of the ultimate truth. ………people have the freedom of thought, expression, and choice
(Question: what’s the difference from multilateralism? Multicultural society?)
Prevailing trend, prevailing bias, success, reinforce bias far from the reality, trend continue, another success, …….unsustainable, bust
Instead a timeless, eternal tendency toward equilibrium, financial markets are best understood as an endless historical process whose path is genuinely uncertain
Man of president George W. Bush:
Elliott Abrams
Gary Bauer
William J. Bennett
Jeb Bush
Dick Cheney
Eliot A. Cohen
Midge Decter
Paula Dobriansky
Steve Forbes
Aaron Friedberg
Francis Fukuyama
Frank Gaffney
Fred C. Ikle
Donald Kagan
Zalmay Khalizad
Norman Podhoretz
Dan Quayle
Peter W. Rodman
Stephen P. Rosen
Henry S. Rowen
Vin Weber
George Weigel
Paul Wolfowitz
Above neoconservatives, neocons in short, is the people of the Project for the New American Century. They promote the supremacy of America and believe strong military power and unilateralism will win America’s future success. George Soros says they are totally wrong for their wrong perception of the world reality.
2005年8月22日,Caulfield Library
星期二, 八月 22, 2006
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